Work Package 2: Contribution to D9.5
The paper highlights the challenges faced by returnees, such as stigmatization, economic reintegration difficulties, and family disruptions. It recommends coordinated actions between host and origin countries to improve post-return outcomes for returnees. Further research is needed to quantitatively assess the impact of stringent host country policies, explore the effects of different return agreements, and focus on South-South return processes. Monitoring the human rights situation of returnees is crucial for sustainable reintegration. In summary, the paper emphasizes that successful reintegration and sustainable return require a holistic approach, considering both policy and non-policy determinants across different levels.
Authors: Ana Maria Torres Chedraui, Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR), Arjen Leerkes, Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR), Michael Sinnige, Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR), Laura Cleton, Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR).
This working paper examines the determinants of enforced return and post-return outcomes for migrants, focusing on the role of policies and various non-policy factors at micro, meso, and macro
levels. In line with Deliverable 2.2.1, this working paper departs from the idea that enforced return encompasses not only physically forced deportations but also voluntary returns induced by state
policies and conditions. Policies in host countries that limit access to employment, social services, or legal protections often push migrants towards return as a perceived better option.
The study reveals several key insights:
- Voluntary returns generally provide better prospects for reintegration due to the preparation and stronger social support networks. Conversely, forced returns are often associated with
stigma, lack of preparedness, and psychological issues, especially among children. - Various policy and non-policy factors determine the enforced return and post-return outcomes, at the micro, meso and macro level.
- Non-Policy Determinants:
- Micro Level: Individual factors like legal status, ability to save money, age, gender, and family situation influence the decision to return and reintegration success.
- Meso Level: Social networks in both host and home countries, stigma associated with return, and community reception play crucial roles.
- Macro Level: Socio-economic and safety conditions in both host and home countries, including employment opportunities, political stability, and safety, are critical.
- Policy Determinants:
- Micro Level: Focuses on the perceptions of migrants and returnees regarding host country policies, including their enforcement, effectiveness, and legitimacy.
- Meso Level: Examines the role of sanctuary cities and NGOs in moderating the effects and enforcement levels of host country policies.
- Macro Level: Involves host country policies and programs designed to enforce and encourage return, including return and readmission agreements with receiving states to facilitate this process. It also encompasses policies in countries of origin aimed at stimulating return.